from __future__ import annotations

import copy
from functools import wraps
import itertools as it
import os
import pickle
import random
import sys

import moderngl
import numbers
import numpy as np

from manimlib.constants import DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER
from manimlib.constants import DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_MOBJECT_BUFFER
from manimlib.constants import DOWN, IN, LEFT, ORIGIN, OUT, RIGHT, UP
from manimlib.constants import FRAME_X_RADIUS, FRAME_Y_RADIUS
from manimlib.constants import MED_SMALL_BUFF
from manimlib.constants import TAU
from manimlib.constants import WHITE
from manimlib.event_handler import EVENT_DISPATCHER
from manimlib.event_handler.event_listner import EventListener
from manimlib.event_handler.event_type import EventType
from manimlib.logger import log
from manimlib.shader_wrapper import ShaderWrapper
from manimlib.utils.color import color_gradient
from manimlib.utils.color import color_to_rgb
from manimlib.utils.color import get_colormap_list
from manimlib.utils.color import rgb_to_hex
from manimlib.utils.iterables import arrays_match
from manimlib.utils.iterables import array_is_constant
from manimlib.utils.iterables import batch_by_property
from manimlib.utils.iterables import list_update
from manimlib.utils.iterables import listify
from manimlib.utils.iterables import resize_array
from manimlib.utils.iterables import resize_preserving_order
from manimlib.utils.iterables import resize_with_interpolation
from manimlib.utils.bezier import integer_interpolate
from manimlib.utils.bezier import interpolate
from manimlib.utils.paths import straight_path
from manimlib.utils.shaders import get_colormap_code
from manimlib.utils.space_ops import angle_of_vector
from manimlib.utils.space_ops import get_norm
from manimlib.utils.space_ops import rotation_matrix_transpose

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Iterable
SubmobjectType = TypeVar('SubmobjectType', bound='Mobject')


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing import Callable, Iterator, Union, Tuple, Optional, Any
    import numpy.typing as npt
    from manimlib.typing import ManimColor, Vect3, Vect4, Vect3Array, UniformDict, Self
    from moderngl.context import Context

    T = TypeVar('T')
    TimeBasedUpdater = Callable[["Mobject", float], "Mobject" | None]
    NonTimeUpdater = Callable[["Mobject"], "Mobject" | None]
    Updater = Union[TimeBasedUpdater, NonTimeUpdater]


class Mobject(object):
    """
    Mathematical Object
    """
    dim: int = 3
    shader_folder: str = ""
    render_primitive: int = moderngl.TRIANGLE_STRIP
    # Must match in attributes of vert shader
    data_dtype: np.dtype = np.dtype([
        ('point', np.float32, (3,)),
        ('rgba', np.float32, (4,)),
    ])
    aligned_data_keys = ['point']
    pointlike_data_keys = ['point']

    def __init__(
        self,
        color: ManimColor = WHITE,
        opacity: float = 1.0,
        shading: Tuple[float, float, float] = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        # For shaders
        texture_paths: dict[str, str] | None = None,
        # If true, the mobject will not get rotated according to camera position
        is_fixed_in_frame: bool = False,
        depth_test: bool = False,
        z_index: int = 0,
    ):
        self.color = color
        self.opacity = opacity
        self.shading = shading
        self.texture_paths = texture_paths
        self.depth_test = depth_test
        self.z_index = z_index

        # Internal state
        self.submobjects: list[Mobject] = []
        self.parents: list[Mobject] = []
        self.family: list[Mobject] | None = [self]
        self.locked_data_keys: set[str] = set()
        self.const_data_keys: set[str] = set()
        self.locked_uniform_keys: set[str] = set()
        self.saved_state = None
        self.target = None
        self.bounding_box: Vect3Array = np.zeros((3, 3))
        self.shader_wrapper: Optional[ShaderWrapper] = None
        self._is_animating: bool = False
        self._needs_new_bounding_box: bool = True
        self._data_has_changed: bool = True
        self.shader_code_replacements: dict[str, str] = dict()

        self.init_data()
        self.init_uniforms()
        self.init_updaters()
        self.init_event_listners()
        self.init_points()
        self.init_colors()

        if self.depth_test:
            self.apply_depth_test()
        if is_fixed_in_frame:
            self.fix_in_frame()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.__class__.__name__

    def __add__(self, other: Mobject) -> Mobject:
        assert isinstance(other, Mobject)
        return self.get_group_class()(self, other)

    def __mul__(self, other: int) -> Mobject:
        assert isinstance(other, int)
        return self.replicate(other)

    def init_data(self, length: int = 0):
        self.data = np.zeros(length, dtype=self.data_dtype)
        self._data_defaults = np.ones(1, dtype=self.data.dtype)

    def init_uniforms(self):
        self.uniforms: UniformDict = {
            "is_fixed_in_frame": 0.0,
            "shading": np.array(self.shading, dtype=float),
            "clip_plane": np.zeros(4),
        }

    def init_colors(self):
        self.set_color(self.color, self.opacity)

    def init_points(self):
        # Typically implemented in subclass, unlpess purposefully left blank
        pass

    def set_uniforms(self, uniforms: dict) -> Self:
        for key, value in uniforms.items():
            if isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
                value = value.copy()
            self.uniforms[key] = value
        return self

    @property
    def animate(self) -> _AnimationBuilder:
        """
        Methods called with Mobject.animate.method() can be passed
        into a Scene.play call, as if you were calling 
        ApplyMethod(mobject.method)

        Borrowed from https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/
        """
        return _AnimationBuilder(self)

    @property
    def always(self) -> _UpdaterBuilder:
        """
        Methods called with mobject.always.method(*args, **kwargs)
        will result in the call mobject.method(*args, **kwargs)
        on every frame
        """
        return _UpdaterBuilder(self)

    @property
    def f_always(self) -> _FunctionalUpdaterBuilder:
        """
        Similar to Mobject.always, but with the intent that arguments
        are functions returning the corresponding type fit for the method
        Methods called with
        mobject.f_always.method(
            func1, func2, ...,
            kwarg1=kw_func1,
            kwarg2=kw_func2,
            ...
        )
        will result in the call
        mobject.method(
            func1(), func2(), ...,
            kwarg1=kw_func1(),
            kwarg2=kw_func2(),
            ...
        )
        on every frame
        """
        return _FunctionalUpdaterBuilder(self)

    def note_changed_data(self, recurse_up: bool = True) -> Self:
        self._data_has_changed = True
        if recurse_up:
            for mob in self.parents:
                mob.note_changed_data()
        return self

    @staticmethod
    def affects_data(func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., T]:
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
            result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
            self.note_changed_data()
            return result
        return wrapper

    @staticmethod
    def affects_family_data(func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., T]:
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
            result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
            for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
                mob.note_changed_data()
            return result
        return wrapper

    # Only these methods should directly affect points
    @affects_data
    def set_data(self, data: np.ndarray) -> Self:
        assert data.dtype == self.data.dtype
        self.resize_points(len(data))
        self.data[:] = data
        return self

    @affects_data
    def resize_points(
        self,
        new_length: int,
        resize_func: Callable[[np.ndarray, int], np.ndarray] = resize_array
    ) -> Self:
        if new_length == 0:
            if len(self.data) > 0:
                self._data_defaults[:1] = self.data[:1]
        elif self.get_num_points() == 0:
            self.data = self._data_defaults.copy()

        self.data = resize_func(self.data, new_length)
        self.refresh_bounding_box()
        return self

    @affects_data
    def set_points(self, points: Vect3Array | list[Vect3]) -> Self:
        self.resize_points(len(points), resize_func=resize_preserving_order)
        self.data["point"][:] = points
        return self

    @affects_data
    def append_points(self, new_points: Vect3Array) -> Self:
        n = self.get_num_points()
        self.resize_points(n + len(new_points))
        # Have most data default to the last value
        self.data[n:] = self.data[n - 1]
        # Then read in new points
        self.data["point"][n:] = new_points
        self.refresh_bounding_box()
        return self

    @affects_family_data
    def reverse_points(self) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family():
            mob.data[:] = mob.data[::-1]
        return self

    @affects_family_data
    def apply_points_function(
        self,
        func: Callable[[np.ndarray], np.ndarray],
        about_point: Vect3 | None = None,
        about_edge: Vect3 = ORIGIN,
        works_on_bounding_box: bool = False
    ) -> Self:
        if about_point is None and about_edge is not None:
            about_point = self.get_bounding_box_point(about_edge)

        for mob in self.get_family():
            arrs = []
            if mob.has_points():
                for key in mob.pointlike_data_keys:
                    arrs.append(mob.data[key])
            if works_on_bounding_box:
                arrs.append(mob.get_bounding_box())

            for arr in arrs:
                if about_point is None:
                    arr[:] = func(arr)
                else:
                    arr[:] = func(arr - about_point) + about_point

        if not works_on_bounding_box:
            self.refresh_bounding_box(recurse_down=True)
        else:
            for parent in self.parents:
                parent.refresh_bounding_box()
        return self

    # Others related to points

    def match_points(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        self.set_points(mobject.get_points())
        return self

    def get_points(self) -> Vect3Array:
        return self.data["point"]

    def clear_points(self) -> Self:
        self.resize_points(0)
        return self

    def get_num_points(self) -> int:
        return len(self.get_points())

    def get_all_points(self) -> Vect3Array:
        if self.submobjects:
            return np.vstack([sm.get_points() for sm in self.get_family()])
        else:
            return self.get_points()

    def has_points(self) -> bool:
        return len(self.get_points()) > 0

    def get_bounding_box(self) -> Vect3Array:
        if self._needs_new_bounding_box:
            self.bounding_box[:] = self.compute_bounding_box()
            self._needs_new_bounding_box = False
        return self.bounding_box

    def compute_bounding_box(self) -> Vect3Array:
        all_points = np.vstack([
            self.get_points(),
            *(
                mob.get_bounding_box()
                for mob in self.get_family()[1:]
                if mob.has_points()
            )
        ])
        if len(all_points) == 0:
            return np.zeros((3, self.dim))
        else:
            # Lower left and upper right corners
            mins = all_points.min(0)
            maxs = all_points.max(0)
            mids = (mins + maxs) / 2
            return np.array([mins, mids, maxs])

    def refresh_bounding_box(
        self,
        recurse_down: bool = False,
        recurse_up: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse_down):
            mob._needs_new_bounding_box = True
        if recurse_up:
            for parent in self.parents:
                parent.refresh_bounding_box()
        return self

    def are_points_touching(
        self,
        points: Vect3Array,
        buff: float = 0
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        bb = self.get_bounding_box()
        mins = (bb[0] - buff)
        maxs = (bb[2] + buff)
        return ((points >= mins) * (points <= maxs)).all(1)

    def is_point_touching(
        self,
        point: Vect3,
        buff: float = 0
    ) -> bool:
        return self.are_points_touching(np.array(point, ndmin=2), buff)[0]

    def is_touching(self, mobject: Mobject, buff: float = 1e-2) -> bool:
        bb1 = self.get_bounding_box()
        bb2 = mobject.get_bounding_box()
        return not any((
            (bb2[2] < bb1[0] - buff).any(),  # E.g. Right of mobject is left of self's left
            (bb2[0] > bb1[2] + buff).any(),  # E.g. Left of mobject is right of self's right
        ))

    # Family matters

    def __getitem__(self, value: int | slice) -> Mobject:
        if isinstance(value, slice):
            GroupClass = self.get_group_class()
            return GroupClass(*self.split().__getitem__(value))
        return self.split().__getitem__(value)

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Self]:
        return iter(self.split())

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self.split())

    def split(self) -> list[Self]:
        return self.submobjects

    @affects_data
    def note_changed_family(self, only_changed_order=False) -> Self:
        self.family = None
        if not only_changed_order:
            self.refresh_has_updater_status()
            self.refresh_bounding_box()
        for parent in self.parents:
            parent.note_changed_family()
        return self

    def get_family(self, recurse: bool = True) -> list[Mobject]:
        if not recurse:
            return [self]
        if self.family is None:
            # Reconstruct and save
            sub_families = (sm.get_family() for sm in self.submobjects)
            self.family = [self, *it.chain(*sub_families)]
        return self.family

    def family_members_with_points(self) -> list[Mobject]:
        return [m for m in self.get_family() if len(m.data) > 0]

    def get_ancestors(self, extended: bool = False) -> list[Mobject]:
        """
        Returns parents, grandparents, etc.
        Order of result should be from higher members of the hierarchy down.

        If extended is set to true, it includes the ancestors of all family members,
        e.g. any other parents of a submobject
        """
        ancestors = []
        to_process = list(self.get_family(recurse=extended))
        excluded = set(to_process)
        while to_process:
            for p in to_process.pop().parents:
                if p not in excluded:
                    ancestors.append(p)
                    to_process.append(p)
        # Ensure mobjects highest in the hierarchy show up first
        ancestors.reverse()
        # Remove list redundancies while preserving order
        return list(dict.fromkeys(ancestors))

    def add(self, *mobjects: Mobject) -> Self:
        if self in mobjects:
            raise Exception("Mobject cannot contain self")
        for mobject in mobjects:
            if mobject not in self.submobjects:
                self.submobjects.append(mobject)
            if self not in mobject.parents:
                mobject.parents.append(self)
        self.note_changed_family()
        return self

    def remove(
        self,
        *to_remove: Mobject,
        reassemble: bool = True,
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        for parent in self.get_family(recurse):
            for child in to_remove:
                if child in parent.submobjects:
                    parent.submobjects.remove(child)
                if parent in child.parents:
                    child.parents.remove(parent)
            if reassemble:
                parent.note_changed_family()
        return self

    def clear(self) -> Self:
        self.remove(*self.submobjects, recurse=False)
        return self

    def add_to_back(self, *mobjects: Mobject) -> Self:
        self.set_submobjects(list_update(mobjects, self.submobjects))
        return self

    def replace_submobject(self, index: int, new_submob: Mobject) -> Self:
        old_submob = self.submobjects[index]
        if self in old_submob.parents:
            old_submob.parents.remove(self)
        self.submobjects[index] = new_submob
        new_submob.parents.append(self)
        self.note_changed_family()
        return self

    def insert_submobject(self, index: int, new_submob: Mobject) -> Self:
        self.submobjects.insert(index, new_submob)
        self.note_changed_family()
        return self

    def set_submobjects(self, submobject_list: list[Mobject]) -> Self:
        if self.submobjects == submobject_list:
            return self
        self.clear()
        self.add(*submobject_list)
        return self

    def digest_mobject_attrs(self) -> Self:
        """
        Ensures all attributes which are mobjects are included
        in the submobjects list.
        """
        mobject_attrs = [x for x in list(self.__dict__.values()) if isinstance(x, Mobject)]
        self.set_submobjects(list_update(self.submobjects, mobject_attrs))
        return self

    # Submobject organization

    def arrange(
        self,
        direction: Vect3 = RIGHT,
        center: bool = True,
        **kwargs
    ) -> Self:
        for m1, m2 in zip(self.submobjects, self.submobjects[1:]):
            m2.next_to(m1, direction, **kwargs)
        if center:
            self.center()
        return self

    def arrange_in_grid(
        self,
        n_rows: int | None = None,
        n_cols: int | None = None,
        buff: float | None = None,
        h_buff: float | None = None,
        v_buff: float | None = None,
        buff_ratio: float | None = None,
        h_buff_ratio: float = 0.5,
        v_buff_ratio: float = 0.5,
        aligned_edge: Vect3 = ORIGIN,
        fill_rows_first: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        submobs = self.submobjects
        n_submobs = len(submobs)
        if n_rows is None:
            n_rows = int(np.sqrt(n_submobs)) if n_cols is None else n_submobs // n_cols
        if n_cols is None:
            n_cols = n_submobs // n_rows

        if buff is not None:
            h_buff = buff
            v_buff = buff
        else:
            if buff_ratio is not None:
                v_buff_ratio = buff_ratio
                h_buff_ratio = buff_ratio
            if h_buff is None:
                h_buff = h_buff_ratio * self[0].get_width()
            if v_buff is None:
                v_buff = v_buff_ratio * self[0].get_height()

        x_unit = h_buff + max([sm.get_width() for sm in submobs])
        y_unit = v_buff + max([sm.get_height() for sm in submobs])

        for index, sm in enumerate(submobs):
            if fill_rows_first:
                x, y = index % n_cols, index // n_cols
            else:
                x, y = index // n_rows, index % n_rows
            sm.move_to(ORIGIN, aligned_edge)
            sm.shift(x * x_unit * RIGHT + y * y_unit * DOWN)
        self.center()
        return self

    def arrange_to_fit_dim(self, length: float, dim: int, about_edge=ORIGIN) -> Self:
        ref_point = self.get_bounding_box_point(about_edge)
        n_submobs = len(self.submobjects)
        if n_submobs <= 1:
            return
        total_length = sum(sm.length_over_dim(dim) for sm in self.submobjects)
        buff = (length - total_length) / (n_submobs - 1)
        vect = np.zeros(self.dim)
        vect[dim] = 1
        x = 0
        for submob in self.submobjects:
            submob.set_coord(x, dim, -vect)
            x += submob.length_over_dim(dim) + buff
        self.move_to(ref_point, about_edge)
        return self

    def arrange_to_fit_width(self, width: float, about_edge=ORIGIN) -> Self:
        return self.arrange_to_fit_dim(width, 0, about_edge)

    def arrange_to_fit_height(self, height: float, about_edge=ORIGIN) -> Self:
        return self.arrange_to_fit_dim(height, 1, about_edge)

    def arrange_to_fit_depth(self, depth: float, about_edge=ORIGIN) -> Self:
        return self.arrange_to_fit_dim(depth, 2, about_edge)

    def sort(
        self,
        point_to_num_func: Callable[[np.ndarray], float] = lambda p: p[0],
        submob_func: Callable[[Mobject]] | None = None
    ) -> Self:
        if submob_func is not None:
            self.submobjects.sort(key=submob_func)
        else:
            self.submobjects.sort(key=lambda m: point_to_num_func(m.get_center()))
        self.note_changed_family(only_changed_order=True)
        return self

    def shuffle(self, recurse: bool = False) -> Self:
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.shuffle(recurse=True)
        random.shuffle(self.submobjects)
        self.note_changed_family(only_changed_order=True)
        return self

    def reverse_submobjects(self) -> Self:
        self.submobjects.reverse()
        self.note_changed_family(only_changed_order=True)
        return self

    # Copying and serialization

    @staticmethod
    def stash_mobject_pointers(func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., T]:
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
            uncopied_attrs = ["parents", "target", "saved_state"]
            stash = dict()
            for attr in uncopied_attrs:
                if hasattr(self, attr):
                    value = getattr(self, attr)
                    stash[attr] = value
                    null_value = [] if isinstance(value, list) else None
                    setattr(self, attr, null_value)
            result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
            self.__dict__.update(stash)
            return result
        return wrapper

    @stash_mobject_pointers
    def serialize(self) -> bytes:
        return pickle.dumps(self)

    def deserialize(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
        self.become(pickle.loads(data))
        return self

    @stash_mobject_pointers
    def deepcopy(self) -> Self:
        return copy.deepcopy(self)

    def copy(self, deep: bool = False) -> Self:
        if deep:
            return self.deepcopy()

        result = copy.copy(self)

        result.parents = []
        result.target = None
        result.saved_state = None

        # copy.copy is only a shallow copy, so the internal
        # data which are numpy arrays or other mobjects still
        # need to be further copied.
        result.uniforms = {
            key: value.copy() if isinstance(value, np.ndarray) else value
            for key, value in self.uniforms.items()
        }

        # Instead of adding using result.add, which does some checks for updating
        # updater statues and bounding box, just directly modify the family-related
        # lists
        result.submobjects = [sm.copy() for sm in self.submobjects]
        for sm in result.submobjects:
            sm.parents = [result]
        result.family = [result, *it.chain(*(sm.get_family() for sm in result.submobjects))]

        # Similarly, instead of calling match_updaters, since we know the status
        # won't have changed, just directly match.
        result.updaters = list(self.updaters)
        result._data_has_changed = True
        result.shader_wrapper = None

        family = self.get_family()
        for attr, value in self.__dict__.items():
            if isinstance(value, Mobject) and value is not self:
                if value in family:
                    setattr(result, attr, result.family[family.index(value)])
            elif isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
                setattr(result, attr, value.copy())
        return result

    def generate_target(self, use_deepcopy: bool = False) -> Self:
        self.target = self.copy(deep=use_deepcopy)
        self.target.saved_state = self.saved_state
        return self.target

    def save_state(self, use_deepcopy: bool = False) -> Self:
        self.saved_state = self.copy(deep=use_deepcopy)
        self.saved_state.target = self.target
        return self

    def restore(self) -> Self:
        if not hasattr(self, "saved_state") or self.saved_state is None:
            raise Exception("Trying to restore without having saved")
        self.become(self.saved_state)
        return self

    def save_to_file(self, file_path: str) -> Self:
        with open(file_path, "wb") as fp:
            fp.write(self.serialize())
        log.info(f"Saved mobject to {file_path}")
        return self

    @staticmethod
    def load(file_path) -> Mobject:
        if not os.path.exists(file_path):
            log.error(f"No file found at {file_path}")
            sys.exit(2)
        with open(file_path, "rb") as fp:
            mobject = pickle.load(fp)
        return mobject

    def become(self, mobject: Mobject, match_updaters=False) -> Self:
        """
        Edit all data and submobjects to be idential
        to another mobject
        """
        self.align_family(mobject)
        family1 = self.get_family()
        family2 = mobject.get_family()
        for sm1, sm2 in zip(family1, family2):
            sm1.set_data(sm2.data)
            sm1.set_uniforms(sm2.uniforms)
            sm1.bounding_box[:] = sm2.bounding_box
            sm1.shader_folder = sm2.shader_folder
            sm1.texture_paths = sm2.texture_paths
            sm1.depth_test = sm2.depth_test
            sm1.render_primitive = sm2.render_primitive
            sm1._needs_new_bounding_box = sm2._needs_new_bounding_box
        # Make sure named family members carry over
        for attr, value in list(mobject.__dict__.items()):
            if isinstance(value, Mobject) and value in family2:
                setattr(self, attr, family1[family2.index(value)])
        if match_updaters:
            self.match_updaters(mobject)
        return self

    def looks_identical(self, mobject: Mobject) -> bool:
        fam1 = self.family_members_with_points()
        fam2 = mobject.family_members_with_points()
        if len(fam1) != len(fam2):
            return False
        for m1, m2 in zip(fam1, fam2):
            if m1.get_num_points() != m2.get_num_points():
                return False
            if not m1.data.dtype == m2.data.dtype:
                return False
            for key in m1.data.dtype.names:
                if not np.isclose(m1.data[key], m2.data[key]).all():
                    return False
            if set(m1.uniforms).difference(m2.uniforms):
                return False
            for key in m1.uniforms:
                value1 = m1.uniforms[key]
                value2 = m2.uniforms[key]
                if isinstance(value1, np.ndarray) and isinstance(value2, np.ndarray) and not value1.size == value2.size:
                    return False
                if not np.isclose(value1, value2).all():
                    return False
        return True

    def has_same_shape_as(self, mobject: Mobject) -> bool:
        # Normalize both point sets by centering and making height 1
        points1, points2 = (
            (m.get_all_points() - m.get_center()) / m.get_height()
            for m in (self, mobject)
        )
        if len(points1) != len(points2):
            return False
        return bool(np.isclose(points1, points2, atol=self.get_width() * 1e-2).all())

    # Creating new Mobjects from this one

    def replicate(self, n: int) -> Self:
        group_class = self.get_group_class()
        return group_class(*(self.copy() for _ in range(n)))

    def get_grid(
        self,
        n_rows: int,
        n_cols: int,
        height: float | None = None,
        width: float | None = None,
        group_by_rows: bool = False,
        group_by_cols: bool = False,
        **kwargs
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Returns a new mobject containing multiple copies of this one
        arranged in a grid
        """
        total = n_rows * n_cols
        grid = self.replicate(total)
        if group_by_cols:
            kwargs["fill_rows_first"] = False
        grid.arrange_in_grid(n_rows, n_cols, **kwargs)
        if height is not None:
            grid.set_height(height)
        if width is not None:
            grid.set_height(width)

        group_class = self.get_group_class()
        if group_by_rows:
            return group_class(*(grid[n:n + n_cols] for n in range(0, total, n_cols)))
        elif group_by_cols:
            return group_class(*(grid[n:n + n_rows] for n in range(0, total, n_rows)))
        else:
            return grid

    # Updating

    def init_updaters(self):
        self.updaters: list[Updater] = list()
        self._has_updaters_in_family: Optional[bool] = False
        self.updating_suspended: bool = False

    def update(self, dt: float = 0, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        if not self.has_updaters() or self.updating_suspended:
            return self
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.update(dt, recurse)
        for updater in self.updaters:
            # This is hacky, but if an updater takes dt as an arg,
            # it will be passed the change in time from here
            if "dt" in updater.__code__.co_varnames:
                updater(self, dt=dt)
            else:
                updater(self)
        return self

    def get_updaters(self) -> list[Updater]:
        return self.updaters

    def add_updater(self, update_func: Updater, call: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.updaters.append(update_func)
        if call:
            self.update(dt=0)
        self.refresh_has_updater_status()
        return self

    def insert_updater(self, update_func: Updater, index=0):
        self.updaters.insert(index, update_func)
        self.refresh_has_updater_status()
        return self

    def remove_updater(self, update_func: Updater) -> Self:
        while update_func in self.updaters:
            self.updaters.remove(update_func)
        self.refresh_has_updater_status()
        return self

    def clear_updaters(self, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            mob.updaters = []
            mob._has_updaters_in_family = False
        for parent in self.get_ancestors():
            parent._has_updaters_in_family = False
        return self

    def match_updaters(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        self.updaters = list(mobject.updaters)
        self.refresh_has_updater_status()
        return self

    def suspend_updating(self, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.updating_suspended = True
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.suspend_updating(recurse)
        return self

    def resume_updating(self, recurse: bool = True, call_updater: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.updating_suspended = False
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.resume_updating(recurse)
        for parent in self.parents:
            parent.resume_updating(recurse=False, call_updater=False)
        if call_updater:
            self.update(dt=0, recurse=recurse)
        return self

    def has_updaters(self) -> bool:
        if self._has_updaters_in_family is None:
            # Recompute and save
            self._has_updaters_in_family = bool(self.updaters) or any(
                sm.has_updaters() for sm in self.submobjects
            )
        return self._has_updaters_in_family

    def refresh_has_updater_status(self) -> Self:
        self._has_updaters_in_family = None
        for parent in self.parents:
            parent.refresh_has_updater_status()
        return self

    # Check if mark as static or not for camera

    def is_changing(self) -> bool:
        return self._is_animating or self.has_updaters()

    def set_animating_status(self, is_animating: bool, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        for mob in (*self.get_family(recurse), *self.get_ancestors()):
            mob._is_animating = is_animating
        return self

    # Transforming operations

    def shift(self, vector: Vect3) -> Self:
        self.apply_points_function(
            lambda points: points + vector,
            about_edge=None,
            works_on_bounding_box=True,
        )
        return self

    def scale(
        self,
        scale_factor: float | npt.ArrayLike,
        min_scale_factor: float = 1e-8,
        about_point: Vect3 | None = None,
        about_edge: Vect3 = ORIGIN
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Default behavior is to scale about the center of the mobject.
        The argument about_edge can be a vector, indicating which side of
        the mobject to scale about, e.g., mob.scale(about_edge = RIGHT)
        scales about mob.get_right().

        Otherwise, if about_point is given a value, scaling is done with
        respect to that point.
        """
        if isinstance(scale_factor, numbers.Number):
            scale_factor = max(scale_factor, min_scale_factor)
        else:
            scale_factor = np.array(scale_factor).clip(min=min_scale_factor)
        self.apply_points_function(
            lambda points: scale_factor * points,
            about_point=about_point,
            about_edge=about_edge,
            works_on_bounding_box=True,
        )
        for mob in self.get_family():
            mob._handle_scale_side_effects(scale_factor)
        return self

    def _handle_scale_side_effects(self, scale_factor):
        # In case subclasses, such as DecimalNumber, need to make
        # any other changes when the size gets altered
        pass

    def stretch(self, factor: float, dim: int, **kwargs) -> Self:
        def func(points):
            points[:, dim] *= factor
            return points
        self.apply_points_function(func, works_on_bounding_box=True, **kwargs)
        return self

    def rotate_about_origin(self, angle: float, axis: Vect3 = OUT) -> Self:
        return self.rotate(angle, axis, about_point=ORIGIN)

    def rotate(
        self,
        angle: float,
        axis: Vect3 = OUT,
        about_point: Vect3 | None = None,
        **kwargs
    ) -> Self:
        rot_matrix_T = rotation_matrix_transpose(angle, axis)
        self.apply_points_function(
            lambda points: np.dot(points, rot_matrix_T),
            about_point,
            **kwargs
        )
        return self

    def flip(self, axis: Vect3 = UP, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rotate(TAU / 2, axis, **kwargs)

    def apply_function(self, function: Callable[[np.ndarray], np.ndarray], **kwargs) -> Self:
        # Default to applying matrix about the origin, not mobjects center
        if len(kwargs) == 0:
            kwargs["about_point"] = ORIGIN
        self.apply_points_function(
            lambda points: np.array([function(p) for p in points]),
            **kwargs
        )
        return self

    def apply_function_to_position(self, function: Callable[[np.ndarray], np.ndarray]) -> Self:
        self.move_to(function(self.get_center()))
        return self

    def apply_function_to_submobject_positions(
        self,
        function: Callable[[np.ndarray], np.ndarray]
    ) -> Self:
        for submob in self.submobjects:
            submob.apply_function_to_position(function)
        return self

    def apply_matrix(self, matrix: npt.ArrayLike, **kwargs) -> Self:
        # Default to applying matrix about the origin, not mobjects center
        if ("about_point" not in kwargs) and ("about_edge" not in kwargs):
            kwargs["about_point"] = ORIGIN
        full_matrix = np.identity(self.dim)
        matrix = np.array(matrix)
        full_matrix[:matrix.shape[0], :matrix.shape[1]] = matrix
        self.apply_points_function(
            lambda points: np.dot(points, full_matrix.T),
            **kwargs
        )
        return self

    def apply_complex_function(self, function: Callable[[complex], complex], **kwargs) -> Self:
        def R3_func(point):
            x, y, z = point
            xy_complex = function(complex(x, y))
            return [
                xy_complex.real,
                xy_complex.imag,
                z
            ]
        return self.apply_function(R3_func, **kwargs)

    def wag(
        self,
        direction: Vect3 = RIGHT,
        axis: Vect3 = DOWN,
        wag_factor: float = 1.0
    ) -> Self:
        for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
            alphas = np.dot(mob.get_points(), np.transpose(axis))
            alphas -= min(alphas)
            alphas /= max(alphas)
            alphas = alphas**wag_factor
            mob.set_points(mob.get_points() + np.dot(
                alphas.reshape((len(alphas), 1)),
                np.array(direction).reshape((1, mob.dim))
            ))
        return self

    # Positioning methods

    def center(self) -> Self:
        self.shift(-self.get_center())
        return self

    def align_on_border(
        self,
        direction: Vect3,
        buff: float = DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Direction just needs to be a vector pointing towards side or
        corner in the 2d plane.
        """
        target_point = np.sign(direction) * (FRAME_X_RADIUS, FRAME_Y_RADIUS, 0)
        point_to_align = self.get_bounding_box_point(direction)
        shift_val = target_point - point_to_align - buff * np.array(direction)
        shift_val = shift_val * abs(np.sign(direction))
        self.shift(shift_val)
        return self

    def to_corner(
        self,
        corner: Vect3 = LEFT + DOWN,
        buff: float = DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER
    ) -> Self:
        return self.align_on_border(corner, buff)

    def to_edge(
        self,
        edge: Vect3 = LEFT,
        buff: float = DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER
    ) -> Self:
        return self.align_on_border(edge, buff)

    def next_to(
        self,
        mobject_or_point: Mobject | Vect3,
        direction: Vect3 = RIGHT,
        buff: float = DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_MOBJECT_BUFFER,
        aligned_edge: Vect3 = ORIGIN,
        submobject_to_align: Mobject | None = None,
        index_of_submobject_to_align: int | slice | None = None,
        coor_mask: Vect3 = np.array([1, 1, 1]),
    ) -> Self:
        if isinstance(mobject_or_point, Mobject):
            mob = mobject_or_point
            if index_of_submobject_to_align is not None:
                target_aligner = mob[index_of_submobject_to_align]
            else:
                target_aligner = mob
            target_point = target_aligner.get_bounding_box_point(
                aligned_edge + direction
            )
        else:
            target_point = mobject_or_point
        if submobject_to_align is not None:
            aligner = submobject_to_align
        elif index_of_submobject_to_align is not None:
            aligner = self[index_of_submobject_to_align]
        else:
            aligner = self
        point_to_align = aligner.get_bounding_box_point(aligned_edge - direction)
        self.shift((target_point - point_to_align + buff * direction) * coor_mask)
        return self

    def shift_onto_screen(self, **kwargs) -> Self:
        space_lengths = [FRAME_X_RADIUS, FRAME_Y_RADIUS]
        for vect in UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT:
            dim = np.argmax(np.abs(vect))
            buff = kwargs.get("buff", DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER)
            max_val = space_lengths[dim] - buff
            edge_center = self.get_edge_center(vect)
            if np.dot(edge_center, vect) > max_val:
                self.to_edge(vect, **kwargs)
        return self

    def is_off_screen(self) -> bool:
        if self.get_left()[0] > FRAME_X_RADIUS:
            return True
        if self.get_right()[0] < -FRAME_X_RADIUS:
            return True
        if self.get_bottom()[1] > FRAME_Y_RADIUS:
            return True
        if self.get_top()[1] < -FRAME_Y_RADIUS:
            return True
        return False

    def stretch_about_point(self, factor: float, dim: int, point: Vect3) -> Self:
        return self.stretch(factor, dim, about_point=point)

    def stretch_in_place(self, factor: float, dim: int) -> Self:
        # Now redundant with stretch
        return self.stretch(factor, dim)

    def rescale_to_fit(self, length: float, dim: int, stretch: bool = False, **kwargs) -> Self:
        old_length = self.length_over_dim(dim)
        if old_length == 0:
            return self
        if stretch:
            self.stretch(length / old_length, dim, **kwargs)
        else:
            self.scale(length / old_length, **kwargs)
        return self

    def stretch_to_fit_width(self, width: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(width, 0, stretch=True, **kwargs)

    def stretch_to_fit_height(self, height: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(height, 1, stretch=True, **kwargs)

    def stretch_to_fit_depth(self, depth: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(depth, 2, stretch=True, **kwargs)

    def set_width(self, width: float, stretch: bool = False, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(width, 0, stretch=stretch, **kwargs)

    def set_height(self, height: float, stretch: bool = False, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(height, 1, stretch=stretch, **kwargs)

    def set_depth(self, depth: float, stretch: bool = False, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(depth, 2, stretch=stretch, **kwargs)

    def set_max_width(self, max_width: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        if self.get_width() > max_width:
            self.set_width(max_width, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_max_height(self, max_height: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        if self.get_height() > max_height:
            self.set_height(max_height, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_max_depth(self, max_depth: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        if self.get_depth() > max_depth:
            self.set_depth(max_depth, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_min_width(self, min_width: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        if self.get_width() < min_width:
            self.set_width(min_width, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_min_height(self, min_height: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        if self.get_height() < min_height:
            self.set_height(min_height, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_min_depth(self, min_depth: float, **kwargs) -> Self:
        if self.get_depth() < min_depth:
            self.set_depth(min_depth, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_shape(
        self,
        width: Optional[float] = None,
        height: Optional[float] = None,
        depth: Optional[float] = None,
        **kwargs
    ) -> Self:
        if width is not None:
            self.set_width(width, stretch=True, **kwargs)
        if height is not None:
            self.set_height(height, stretch=True, **kwargs)
        if depth is not None:
            self.set_depth(depth, stretch=True, **kwargs)
        return self

    def set_coord(self, value: float, dim: int, direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN) -> Self:
        curr = self.get_coord(dim, direction)
        shift_vect = np.zeros(self.dim)
        shift_vect[dim] = value - curr
        self.shift(shift_vect)
        return self

    def set_x(self, x: float, direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN) -> Self:
        return self.set_coord(x, 0, direction)

    def set_y(self, y: float, direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN) -> Self:
        return self.set_coord(y, 1, direction)

    def set_z(self, z: float, direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN) -> Self:
        return self.set_coord(z, 2, direction)

    def set_z_index(self, z_index: int) -> Self:
        self.z_index = z_index
        return self

    def space_out_submobjects(self, factor: float = 1.5, **kwargs) -> Self:
        self.scale(factor, **kwargs)
        for submob in self.submobjects:
            submob.scale(1. / factor)
        return self

    def move_to(
        self,
        point_or_mobject: Mobject | Vect3,
        aligned_edge: Vect3 = ORIGIN,
        coor_mask: Vect3 = np.array([1, 1, 1])
    ) -> Self:
        if isinstance(point_or_mobject, Mobject):
            target = point_or_mobject.get_bounding_box_point(aligned_edge)
        else:
            target = point_or_mobject
        point_to_align = self.get_bounding_box_point(aligned_edge)
        self.shift((target - point_to_align) * coor_mask)
        return self

    def replace(self, mobject: Mobject, dim_to_match: int = 0, stretch: bool = False) -> Self:
        if not mobject.get_num_points() and not mobject.submobjects:
            self.scale(0)
            return self
        if stretch:
            for i in range(self.dim):
                self.rescale_to_fit(mobject.length_over_dim(i), i, stretch=True)
        else:
            self.rescale_to_fit(
                mobject.length_over_dim(dim_to_match),
                dim_to_match,
                stretch=False
            )
        self.shift(mobject.get_center() - self.get_center())
        return self

    def surround(
        self,
        mobject: Mobject,
        dim_to_match: int = 0,
        stretch: bool = False,
        buff: float = MED_SMALL_BUFF
    ) -> Self:
        self.replace(mobject, dim_to_match, stretch)
        length = mobject.length_over_dim(dim_to_match)
        self.scale((length + buff) / length)
        return self

    def put_start_and_end_on(self, start: Vect3, end: Vect3) -> Self:
        curr_start, curr_end = self.get_start_and_end()
        curr_vect = curr_end - curr_start
        if np.all(curr_vect == 0):
            raise Exception("Cannot position endpoints of closed loop")
        target_vect = end - start
        self.scale(
            get_norm(target_vect) / get_norm(curr_vect),
            about_point=curr_start,
        )
        self.rotate(
            angle_of_vector(target_vect) - angle_of_vector(curr_vect),
        )
        self.rotate(
            np.arctan2(curr_vect[2], get_norm(curr_vect[:2])) - np.arctan2(target_vect[2], get_norm(target_vect[:2])),
            axis=np.array([-target_vect[1], target_vect[0], 0]),
        )
        self.shift(start - self.get_start())
        return self

    # Color functions

    @affects_family_data
    def set_rgba_array(
        self,
        rgba_array: npt.ArrayLike,
        name: str = "rgba",
        recurse: bool = False
    ) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            data = mob.data if mob.get_num_points() > 0 else mob._data_defaults
            data[name][:] = rgba_array
        return self

    def set_color_by_rgba_func(
        self,
        func: Callable[[Vect3], Vect4],
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Func should take in a point in R3 and output an rgba value
        """
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            rgba_array = [func(point) for point in mob.get_points()]
            mob.set_rgba_array(rgba_array)
        return self

    def set_color_by_rgb_func(
        self,
        func: Callable[[Vect3], Vect3],
        opacity: float = 1,
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Func should take in a point in R3 and output an rgb value
        """
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            rgba_array = [[*func(point), opacity] for point in mob.get_points()]
            mob.set_rgba_array(rgba_array)
        return self

    @affects_family_data
    def set_rgba_array_by_color(
        self,
        color: ManimColor | Iterable[ManimColor] | None = None,
        opacity: float | Iterable[float] | None = None,
        name: str = "rgba",
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            data = mob.data if mob.has_points() > 0 else mob._data_defaults
            if color is not None:
                rgbs = np.array(list(map(color_to_rgb, listify(color))))
                if 1 < len(rgbs):
                    rgbs = resize_with_interpolation(rgbs, len(data))
                data[name][:, :3] = rgbs
            if opacity is not None:
                if not isinstance(opacity, (float, int)):
                    opacity = resize_with_interpolation(np.array(opacity), len(data))
                data[name][:, 3] = opacity
        return self

    def set_color(
        self,
        color: ManimColor | Iterable[ManimColor] | None,
        opacity: float | Iterable[float] | None = None,
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        self.set_rgba_array_by_color(color, opacity, recurse=False)
        # Recurse to submobjects differently from how set_rgba_array_by_color
        # in case they implement set_color differently
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.set_color(color, recurse=True)
        return self

    def set_opacity(
        self,
        opacity: float | Iterable[float] | None,
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        self.set_rgba_array_by_color(color=None, opacity=opacity, recurse=False)
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.set_opacity(opacity, recurse=True)
        return self

    def get_color(self) -> str:
        return rgb_to_hex(self.data["rgba"][0, :3])

    def get_opacity(self) -> float:
        return float(self.data["rgba"][0, 3])

    def get_opacities(self) -> float:
        return self.data["rgba"][:, 3]

    def set_color_by_gradient(self, *colors: ManimColor) -> Self:
        if self.has_points():
            self.set_color(colors)
        else:
            self.set_submobject_colors_by_gradient(*colors)
        return self

    def set_submobject_colors_by_gradient(self, *colors: ManimColor) -> Self:
        if len(colors) == 0:
            raise Exception("Need at least one color")
        elif len(colors) == 1:
            return self.set_color(*colors)

        # mobs = self.family_members_with_points()
        mobs = self.submobjects
        new_colors = color_gradient(colors, len(mobs))

        for mob, color in zip(mobs, new_colors):
            mob.set_color(color)
        return self

    def fade(self, darkness: float = 0.5, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.set_opacity(1.0 - darkness, recurse=recurse)

    def get_shading(self) -> np.ndarray:
        return self.uniforms["shading"]

    def set_shading(
        self,
        reflectiveness: float | None = None,
        gloss: float | None = None,
        shadow: float | None = None,
        recurse: bool = True
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Larger reflectiveness makes things brighter when facing the light
        Larger shadow makes faces opposite the light darker
        Makes parts bright where light gets reflected toward the camera
        """
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            shading = mob.uniforms["shading"]
            for i, value in enumerate([reflectiveness, gloss, shadow]):
                if value is not None:
                    shading[i] = value
            mob.set_uniform(shading=shading, recurse=False)
        return self

    def get_reflectiveness(self) -> float:
        return self.get_shading()[0]

    def get_gloss(self) -> float:
        return self.get_shading()[1]

    def get_shadow(self) -> float:
        return self.get_shading()[2]

    def set_reflectiveness(self, reflectiveness: float, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.set_shading(reflectiveness=reflectiveness, recurse=recurse)
        return self

    def set_gloss(self, gloss: float, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.set_shading(gloss=gloss, recurse=recurse)
        return self

    def set_shadow(self, shadow: float, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.set_shading(shadow=shadow, recurse=recurse)
        return self

    # Background rectangle

    def add_background_rectangle(
        self,
        color: ManimColor | None = None,
        opacity: float = 1.0,
        **kwargs
    ) -> Self:
        from manimlib.mobject.shape_matchers import BackgroundRectangle
        self.background_rectangle = BackgroundRectangle(
            self, color=color,
            fill_opacity=opacity,
            **kwargs
        )
        self.add_to_back(self.background_rectangle)
        return self

    def add_background_rectangle_to_submobjects(self, **kwargs) -> Self:
        for submobject in self.submobjects:
            submobject.add_background_rectangle(**kwargs)
        return self

    def add_background_rectangle_to_family_members_with_points(self, **kwargs) -> Self:
        for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
            mob.add_background_rectangle(**kwargs)
        return self

    # Getters

    def get_bounding_box_point(self, direction: Vect3) -> Vect3:
        bb = self.get_bounding_box()
        indices = (np.sign(direction) + 1).astype(int)
        return np.array([
            bb[indices[i]][i]
            for i in range(3)
        ])

    def get_edge_center(self, direction: Vect3) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_bounding_box_point(direction)

    def get_corner(self, direction: Vect3) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_bounding_box_point(direction)

    def get_all_corners(self):
        bb = self.get_bounding_box()
        return np.array([
            [bb[indices[-i + 1]][i] for i in range(3)]
            for indices in it.product([0, 2], repeat=3)
        ])

    def get_center(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_bounding_box()[1]

    def get_center_of_mass(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_all_points().mean(0)

    def get_boundary_point(self, direction: Vect3) -> Vect3:
        all_points = self.get_all_points()
        boundary_directions = all_points - self.get_center()
        norms = np.linalg.norm(boundary_directions, axis=1)
        boundary_directions /= np.repeat(norms, 3).reshape((len(norms), 3))
        index = np.argmax(np.dot(boundary_directions, np.array(direction).T))
        return all_points[index]

    def get_continuous_bounding_box_point(self, direction: Vect3) -> Vect3:
        dl, center, ur = self.get_bounding_box()
        corner_vect = (ur - center)
        return center + direction / np.max(np.abs(np.true_divide(
            direction, corner_vect,
            out=np.zeros(len(direction)),
            where=((corner_vect) != 0)
        )))

    def get_top(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_edge_center(UP)

    def get_bottom(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_edge_center(DOWN)

    def get_right(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_edge_center(RIGHT)

    def get_left(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_edge_center(LEFT)

    def get_zenith(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_edge_center(OUT)

    def get_nadir(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_edge_center(IN)

    def length_over_dim(self, dim: int) -> float:
        bb = self.get_bounding_box()
        return abs((bb[2] - bb[0])[dim])

    def get_width(self) -> float:
        return self.length_over_dim(0)

    def get_height(self) -> float:
        return self.length_over_dim(1)

    def get_depth(self) -> float:
        return self.length_over_dim(2)

    def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[float]:
        return tuple(self.length_over_dim(dim) for dim in range(3))

    def get_coord(self, dim: int, direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN) -> float:
        """
        Meant to generalize get_x, get_y, get_z
        """
        return self.get_bounding_box_point(direction)[dim]

    def get_x(self, direction=ORIGIN) -> float:
        return self.get_coord(0, direction)

    def get_y(self, direction=ORIGIN) -> float:
        return self.get_coord(1, direction)

    def get_z(self, direction=ORIGIN) -> float:
        return self.get_coord(2, direction)

    def get_start(self) -> Vect3:
        self.throw_error_if_no_points()
        return self.get_points()[0].copy()

    def get_end(self) -> Vect3:
        self.throw_error_if_no_points()
        return self.get_points()[-1].copy()

    def get_start_and_end(self) -> tuple[Vect3, Vect3]:
        self.throw_error_if_no_points()
        points = self.get_points()
        return (points[0].copy(), points[-1].copy())

    def point_from_proportion(self, alpha: float) -> Vect3:
        points = self.get_points()
        i, subalpha = integer_interpolate(0, len(points) - 1, alpha)
        return interpolate(points[i], points[i + 1], subalpha)

    def pfp(self, alpha):
        """Abbreviation for point_from_proportion"""
        return self.point_from_proportion(alpha)

    def get_pieces(self, n_pieces: int) -> Group:
        template = self.copy()
        template.set_submobjects([])
        alphas = np.linspace(0, 1, n_pieces + 1)
        return Group(*[
            template.copy().pointwise_become_partial(
                self, a1, a2
            )
            for a1, a2 in zip(alphas[:-1], alphas[1:])
        ])

    def get_z_index_reference_point(self) -> Vect3:
        # TODO, better place to define default z_index_group?
        z_index_group = getattr(self, "z_index_group", self)
        return z_index_group.get_center()

    # Match other mobject properties

    def match_color(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        return self.set_color(mobject.get_color())

    def match_style(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        self.set_color(mobject.get_color())
        self.set_opacity(mobject.get_opacity())
        self.set_shading(*mobject.get_shading())
        return self

    def match_dim_size(self, mobject: Mobject, dim: int, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.rescale_to_fit(
            mobject.length_over_dim(dim), dim,
            **kwargs
        )

    def match_width(self, mobject: Mobject, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.match_dim_size(mobject, 0, **kwargs)

    def match_height(self, mobject: Mobject, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.match_dim_size(mobject, 1, **kwargs)

    def match_depth(self, mobject: Mobject, **kwargs) -> Self:
        return self.match_dim_size(mobject, 2, **kwargs)

    def match_coord(
        self,
        mobject_or_point: Mobject | Vect3,
        dim: int,
        direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN
    ) -> Self:
        if isinstance(mobject_or_point, Mobject):
            coord = mobject_or_point.get_coord(dim, direction)
        else:
            coord = mobject_or_point[dim]
        return self.set_coord(coord, dim=dim, direction=direction)

    def match_x(
        self,
        mobject_or_point: Mobject | Vect3,
        direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN
    ) -> Self:
        return self.match_coord(mobject_or_point, 0, direction)

    def match_y(
        self,
        mobject_or_point: Mobject | Vect3,
        direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN
    ) -> Self:
        return self.match_coord(mobject_or_point, 1, direction)

    def match_z(
        self,
        mobject_or_point: Mobject | Vect3,
        direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN
    ) -> Self:
        return self.match_coord(mobject_or_point, 2, direction)

    def align_to(
        self,
        mobject_or_point: Mobject | Vect3,
        direction: Vect3 = ORIGIN
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Examples:
        mob1.align_to(mob2, UP) moves mob1 vertically so that its
        top edge lines ups with mob2's top edge.

        mob1.align_to(mob2, alignment_vect = RIGHT) moves mob1
        horizontally so that it's center is directly above/below
        the center of mob2
        """
        if isinstance(mobject_or_point, Mobject):
            point = mobject_or_point.get_bounding_box_point(direction)
        else:
            point = mobject_or_point

        for dim in range(self.dim):
            if direction[dim] != 0:
                self.set_coord(point[dim], dim, direction)
        return self

    def get_group_class(self):
        return Group

    # Alignment

    def is_aligned_with(self, mobject: Mobject) -> bool:
        if len(self.data) != len(mobject.data):
            return False
        if len(self.submobjects) != len(mobject.submobjects):
            return False
        return all(
            sm1.is_aligned_with(sm2)
            for sm1, sm2 in zip(self.submobjects, mobject.submobjects)
        )

    def align_data_and_family(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        self.align_family(mobject)
        self.align_data(mobject)
        return self

    def align_data(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        for mob1, mob2 in zip(self.get_family(), mobject.get_family()):
            mob1.align_points(mob2)
        return self

    def align_points(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        max_len = max(self.get_num_points(), mobject.get_num_points())
        for mob in (self, mobject):
            mob.resize_points(max_len, resize_func=resize_preserving_order)
        return self

    def align_family(self, mobject: Mobject) -> Self:
        mob1 = self
        mob2 = mobject
        n1 = len(mob1)
        n2 = len(mob2)
        if n1 != n2:
            mob1.add_n_more_submobjects(max(0, n2 - n1))
            mob2.add_n_more_submobjects(max(0, n1 - n2))
        # Recurse
        for sm1, sm2 in zip(mob1.submobjects, mob2.submobjects):
            sm1.align_family(sm2)
        return self

    def push_self_into_submobjects(self) -> Self:
        copy = self.copy()
        copy.set_submobjects([])
        self.resize_points(0)
        self.add(copy)
        return self

    def add_n_more_submobjects(self, n: int) -> Self:
        if n == 0:
            return self

        curr = len(self.submobjects)
        if curr == 0:
            # If empty, simply add n point mobjects
            null_mob = self.copy()
            null_mob.set_points([self.get_center()])
            self.set_submobjects([
                null_mob.copy()
                for k in range(n)
            ])
            return self
        target = curr + n
        repeat_indices = (np.arange(target) * curr) // target
        split_factors = [
            (repeat_indices == i).sum()
            for i in range(curr)
        ]
        new_submobs = []
        for submob, sf in zip(self.submobjects, split_factors):
            new_submobs.append(submob)
            for k in range(1, sf):
                new_submobs.append(submob.invisible_copy())
        self.set_submobjects(new_submobs)
        return self

    def invisible_copy(self) -> Self:
        return self.copy().set_opacity(0)

    # Interpolate

    def interpolate(
        self,
        mobject1: Mobject,
        mobject2: Mobject,
        alpha: float,
        path_func: Callable[[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, float], np.ndarray] = straight_path
    ) -> Self:
        keys = [k for k in self.data.dtype.names if k not in self.locked_data_keys]
        if keys:
            self.note_changed_data()
        for key in keys:
            md1 = mobject1.data[key]
            md2 = mobject2.data[key]
            if key in self.const_data_keys:
                md1 = md1[0]
                md2 = md2[0]
            if key in self.pointlike_data_keys:
                self.data[key] = path_func(md1, md2, alpha)
            else:
                self.data[key] = (1 - alpha) * md1 + alpha * md2

        for key in self.uniforms:
            if key in self.locked_uniform_keys:
                continue
            if key not in mobject1.uniforms or key not in mobject2.uniforms:
                continue
            self.uniforms[key] = (1 - alpha) * mobject1.uniforms[key] + alpha * mobject2.uniforms[key]
        self.bounding_box[:] = path_func(mobject1.bounding_box, mobject2.bounding_box, alpha)
        return self

    def pointwise_become_partial(self, mobject, a, b) -> Self:
        """
        Set points in such a way as to become only
        part of mobject.
        Inputs 0 <= a < b <= 1 determine what portion
        of mobject to become.
        """
        # To be implemented in subclass
        return self

    # Locking data

    def lock_data(self, keys: Iterable[str]) -> Self:
        """
        To speed up some animations, particularly transformations,
        it can be handy to acknowledge which pieces of data
        won't change during the animation so that calls to
        interpolate can skip this, and so that it's not
        read into the shader_wrapper objects needlessly
        """
        if self.has_updaters():
            return self
        self.locked_data_keys = set(keys)
        return self

    def lock_uniforms(self, keys: Iterable[str]) -> Self:
        if self.has_updaters():
            return self
        self.locked_uniform_keys = set(keys)
        return self

    def lock_matching_data(self, mobject1: Mobject, mobject2: Mobject) -> Self:
        tuples = zip(
            self.get_family(),
            mobject1.get_family(),
            mobject2.get_family(),
        )
        for sm, sm1, sm2 in tuples:
            if not sm.data.dtype == sm1.data.dtype == sm2.data.dtype:
                continue
            sm.lock_data(
                key for key in sm.data.dtype.names
                if arrays_match(sm1.data[key], sm2.data[key])
            )
            sm.lock_uniforms(
                key for key in self.uniforms
                if all(listify(mobject1.uniforms.get(key, 0) == mobject2.uniforms.get(key, 0)))
            )
            sm.const_data_keys = set(
                key for key in sm.data.dtype.names
                if key not in sm.locked_data_keys
                if all(
                    array_is_constant(mob.data[key])
                    for mob in (sm, sm1, sm2)
                )
            )

        return self

    def unlock_data(self) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family():
            mob.locked_data_keys = set()
            mob.const_data_keys = set()
            mob.locked_uniform_keys = set()
        return self

    # Operations touching shader uniforms

    @staticmethod
    def affects_shader_info_id(func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., T]:
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
            result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
            self.refresh_shader_wrapper_id()
            return result
        return wrapper

    @affects_shader_info_id
    def set_uniform(self, recurse: bool = True, **new_uniforms) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            mob.uniforms.update(new_uniforms)
        return self

    @affects_shader_info_id
    def fix_in_frame(self, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.set_uniform(recurse, is_fixed_in_frame=1.0)
        return self

    @affects_shader_info_id
    def unfix_from_frame(self, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        self.set_uniform(recurse, is_fixed_in_frame=0.0)
        return self

    def is_fixed_in_frame(self) -> bool:
        return bool(self.uniforms["is_fixed_in_frame"])

    @affects_shader_info_id
    def apply_depth_test(self, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            mob.depth_test = True
        return self

    @affects_shader_info_id
    def deactivate_depth_test(self, recurse: bool = True) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family(recurse):
            mob.depth_test = False
        return self

    def set_clip_plane(
        self,
        vect: Vect3 | None = None,
        threshold: float | None = None
    ) -> Self:
        if vect is not None:
            self.uniforms["clip_plane"][:3] = vect
        if threshold is not None:
            self.uniforms["clip_plane"][3] = threshold
        return self

    def deactivate_clip_plane(self) -> Self:
        self.uniforms["clip_plane"][:] = 0
        return self

    # Shader code manipulation

    @affects_data
    def replace_shader_code(self, old: str, new: str) -> Self:
        for mob in self.get_family():
            mob.shader_code_replacements[old] = new
            mob.shader_wrapper = None
        return self

    def set_color_by_code(self, glsl_code: str) -> Self:
        """
        Takes a snippet of code and inserts it into a
        context which has the following variables:
        vec4 color, vec3 point, vec3 unit_normal.
        The code should change the color variable
        """
        self.replace_shader_code(
            "///// INSERT COLOR FUNCTION HERE /////",
            glsl_code
        )
        return self

    def set_color_by_xyz_func(
        self,
        glsl_snippet: str,
        min_value: float = -5.0,
        max_value: float = 5.0,
        colormap: str = "viridis"
    ) -> Self:
        """
        Pass in a glsl expression in terms of x, y and z which returns
        a float.
        """
        # TODO, add a version of this which changes the point data instead
        # of the shader code
        for char in "xyz":
            glsl_snippet = glsl_snippet.replace(char, "point." + char)
        rgb_list = get_colormap_list(colormap)
        self.set_color_by_code(
            "color.rgb = float_to_color({}, {}, {}, {});".format(
                glsl_snippet,
                float(min_value),
                float(max_value),
                get_colormap_code(rgb_list)
            )
        )
        return self

    # For shader data

    def init_shader_wrapper(self, ctx: Context):
        self.shader_wrapper = ShaderWrapper(
            ctx=ctx,
            vert_data=self.data,
            shader_folder=self.shader_folder,
            mobject_uniforms=self.uniforms,
            texture_paths=self.texture_paths,
            depth_test=self.depth_test,
            render_primitive=self.render_primitive,
            code_replacements=self.shader_code_replacements,
        )

    def refresh_shader_wrapper_id(self):
        for submob in self.get_family():
            if submob.shader_wrapper is not None:
                submob.shader_wrapper.depth_test = submob.depth_test
                submob.shader_wrapper.refresh_id()
        for mob in (self, *self.get_ancestors()):
            mob._data_has_changed = True
        return self

    def get_shader_wrapper(self, ctx: Context) -> ShaderWrapper:
        if self.shader_wrapper is None:
            self.init_shader_wrapper(ctx)
        return self.shader_wrapper

    def get_shader_wrapper_list(self, ctx: Context) -> list[ShaderWrapper]:
        family = self.family_members_with_points()
        batches = batch_by_property(family, lambda sm: sm.get_shader_wrapper(ctx).get_id())

        result = []
        for submobs, sid in batches:
            shader_wrapper = submobs[0].shader_wrapper
            data_list = [sm.get_shader_data() for sm in submobs]
            shader_wrapper.read_in(data_list)
            result.append(shader_wrapper)
        return result

    def get_shader_data(self) -> np.ndarray:
        indices = self.get_shader_vert_indices()
        if indices is not None:
            return self.data[indices]
        else:
            return self.data

    def get_uniforms(self):
        return self.uniforms

    def get_shader_vert_indices(self) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
        return None

    def render(self, ctx: Context, camera_uniforms: dict):
        if self._data_has_changed:
            self.shader_wrappers = self.get_shader_wrapper_list(ctx)
            self._data_has_changed = False
        for shader_wrapper in self.shader_wrappers:
            shader_wrapper.update_program_uniforms(camera_uniforms)
            shader_wrapper.pre_render()
            shader_wrapper.render()

    # Event Handlers
    """
        Event handling follows the Event Bubbling model of DOM in javascript.
        Return false to stop the event bubbling.
        To learn more visit https://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_order.html

        Event Callback Argument is a callable function taking two arguments:
            1. Mobject
            2. EventData
    """

    def init_event_listners(self):
        self.event_listners: list[EventListener] = []

    def add_event_listner(
        self,
        event_type: EventType,
        event_callback: Callable[[Mobject, dict[str]]]
    ):
        event_listner = EventListener(self, event_type, event_callback)
        self.event_listners.append(event_listner)
        EVENT_DISPATCHER.add_listner(event_listner)
        return self

    def remove_event_listner(
        self,
        event_type: EventType,
        event_callback: Callable[[Mobject, dict[str]]]
    ):
        event_listner = EventListener(self, event_type, event_callback)
        while event_listner in self.event_listners:
            self.event_listners.remove(event_listner)
        EVENT_DISPATCHER.remove_listner(event_listner)
        return self

    def clear_event_listners(self, recurse: bool = True):
        self.event_listners = []
        if recurse:
            for submob in self.submobjects:
                submob.clear_event_listners(recurse=recurse)
        return self

    def get_event_listners(self):
        return self.event_listners

    def get_family_event_listners(self):
        return list(it.chain(*[sm.get_event_listners() for sm in self.get_family()]))

    def get_has_event_listner(self):
        return any(
            mob.get_event_listners()
            for mob in self.get_family()
        )

    def add_mouse_motion_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.MouseMotionEvent, callback)

    def remove_mouse_motion_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.MouseMotionEvent, callback)

    def add_mouse_press_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.MousePressEvent, callback)

    def remove_mouse_press_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.MousePressEvent, callback)

    def add_mouse_release_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.MouseReleaseEvent, callback)

    def remove_mouse_release_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.MouseReleaseEvent, callback)

    def add_mouse_drag_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.MouseDragEvent, callback)

    def remove_mouse_drag_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.MouseDragEvent, callback)

    def add_mouse_scroll_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.MouseScrollEvent, callback)

    def remove_mouse_scroll_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.MouseScrollEvent, callback)

    def add_key_press_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.KeyPressEvent, callback)

    def remove_key_press_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.KeyPressEvent, callback)

    def add_key_release_listner(self, callback):
        self.add_event_listner(EventType.KeyReleaseEvent, callback)

    def remove_key_release_listner(self, callback):
        self.remove_event_listner(EventType.KeyReleaseEvent, callback)

    # Errors

    def throw_error_if_no_points(self):
        if not self.has_points():
            message = "Cannot call Mobject.{} " +\
                      "for a Mobject with no points"
            caller_name = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
            raise Exception(message.format(caller_name))


class Group(Mobject, Generic[SubmobjectType]):
    def __init__(self, *mobjects: SubmobjectType | Iterable[SubmobjectType], **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._ingest_args(*mobjects)

    def _ingest_args(self, *args: Mobject | Iterable[Mobject]):
        if len(args) == 0:
            return
        if all(isinstance(mob, Mobject) for mob in args):
            self.add(*args)
        elif isinstance(args[0], Iterable):
            self.add(*args[0])
        else:
            raise Exception(f"Invalid argument to Group of type {type(args[0])}")

    def __add__(self, other: Mobject | Group) -> Self:
        assert isinstance(other, Mobject)
        return self.add(other)

    # This is just here to make linters happy with references to things like Group(...)[0]
    def __getitem__(self, index) -> SubmobjectType:
        return super().__getitem__(index)


class Point(Mobject):
    def __init__(
        self,
        location: Vect3 = ORIGIN,
        artificial_width: float = 1e-6,
        artificial_height: float = 1e-6,
        **kwargs
    ):
        self.artificial_width = artificial_width
        self.artificial_height = artificial_height
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.set_location(location)

    def get_width(self) -> float:
        return self.artificial_width

    def get_height(self) -> float:
        return self.artificial_height

    def get_location(self) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_points()[0].copy()

    def get_bounding_box_point(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Vect3:
        return self.get_location()

    def set_location(self, new_loc: npt.ArrayLike) -> Self:
        self.set_points(np.array(new_loc, ndmin=2, dtype=float))
        return self


class _AnimationBuilder:
    def __init__(self, mobject: Mobject):
        self.mobject = mobject
        self.overridden_animation = None
        self.mobject.generate_target()
        self.is_chaining = False
        self.methods: list[Callable] = []
        self.anim_args = {}
        self.can_pass_args = True

    def __getattr__(self, method_name: str):
        method = getattr(self.mobject.target, method_name)
        self.methods.append(method)
        has_overridden_animation = hasattr(method, "_override_animate")

        if (self.is_chaining and has_overridden_animation) or self.overridden_animation:
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "Method chaining is currently not supported for " + \
                "overridden animations"
            )

        def update_target(*method_args, **method_kwargs):
            if has_overridden_animation:
                self.overridden_animation = method._override_animate(
                    self.mobject, *method_args, **method_kwargs
                )
            else:
                method(*method_args, **method_kwargs)
            return self

        self.is_chaining = True
        return update_target

    def __call__(self, **kwargs):
        return self.set_anim_args(**kwargs)

    def set_anim_args(self, **kwargs):
        '''
        You can change the args of :class:`~manimlib.animation.transform.Transform`, such as

        - ``run_time``
        - ``time_span``
        - ``rate_func``
        - ``lag_ratio``
        - ``path_arc``
        - ``path_func``

        and so on.
        '''

        if not self.can_pass_args:
            raise ValueError(
                "Animation arguments can only be passed by calling ``animate`` " + \
                "or ``set_anim_args`` and can only be passed once",
            )

        self.anim_args = kwargs
        self.can_pass_args = False
        return self

    def build(self):
        from manimlib.animation.transform import _MethodAnimation

        if self.overridden_animation:
            return self.overridden_animation

        return _MethodAnimation(self.mobject, self.methods, **self.anim_args)


def override_animate(method):
    def decorator(animation_method):
        method._override_animate = animation_method
        return animation_method

    return decorator


class _UpdaterBuilder:
    def __init__(self, mobject: Mobject):
        self.mobject = mobject

    def __getattr__(self, method_name: str):
        def add_updater(*method_args, **method_kwargs):
            self.mobject.add_updater(
                lambda m: getattr(m, method_name)(*method_args, **method_kwargs)
            )
            return self
        return add_updater


class _FunctionalUpdaterBuilder:
    def __init__(self, mobject: Mobject):
        self.mobject = mobject

    def __getattr__(self, method_name: str):
        def add_updater(*method_args, **method_kwargs):
            self.mobject.add_updater(
                lambda m: getattr(m, method_name)(
                    *(arg() for arg in method_args),
                    **{
                        key: value()
                        for key, value in method_kwargs.items()
                    }
                )
            )
            return self
        return add_updater