Calling Python from Codon is possible in two ways:

• from python import allows importing and calling Python functions from existing Python modules.
• @python allows writing Python code directly in Codon.

In order to use these features, the CODON_PYTHON environment variable must be set to the appropriate Python shared library:

export CODON_PYTHON=/path/to/libpython.X.Y.so

For example, with a brew-installed Python 3.9 on macOS, this might be

/usr/local/opt/python@3.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/libpython3.9.dylib

Note that only Python versions 3.6 and later are supported.

from python import

Let\'s say we have a Python function defined in mymodule.py:

def multiply(a, b):
    return a * b

We can call this function in Codon using from python import and indicating the appropriate call and return types:

from python import mymodule.multiply(int, int) -> int
print(multiply(3, 4))  # 12

(Be sure the PYTHONPATH environment variable includes the path of mymodule.py!)

from python import does not need to specify explicit types, in which case Codon will operate directly on the Python objects, and convert Codon types to Python types as necessary:

from python import numpy as np  # Codon will call NumPy through CPython's API
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]) * 10
print(x)  # [10 20 30 40]

@python

Codon programs can contain functions that will be executed by Python via pydef:

@python
def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a * b

print(multiply(3, 4))  # 12

This makes calling Python modules like NumPy very easy:

@python
def myrange(n: int) -> List[int]:
    from numpy import arange
    return list(arange(n))

print(myrange(5))  # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Data conversions

Codon uses two new magic methods to transfer data to and from Python:

• __to_py__: Produces a Python object (PyObject* in C) given a Codon object.
• __from_py__: Produces a Codon object given a Python object.

import python  # needed to initialize the Python runtime

o = (42).__to_py__()  # type of 'o' is 'cobj', equivalent to a pointer in C
print(o)  # 0x100e00610

n = int.__from_py__(o)
print(n)  # 42

Codon stores the results of __to_py__ calls by wrapping them in an instance of a new class called pyobj, which correctly handles the underlying Python object's reference count. All operations on pyobjs then go through CPython's API.