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title: "Zero Redundancy Optimizer (ZeRO)"

If you have not done so already, we advise that you read the DeepSpeed tutorials on Getting Started and Megatron-LM GPT-2 before stepping through this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we will apply the ZeRO optimizer to the Megatron-LM GPT-2 model. ZeRO is a powerful set of memory optimization techniques that enable effective FP16 training of large models with billions of parameters, such as GPT-2 and Turing-NLG 17B. Compared to the alternative model parallelism approaches for training large models, a key appeal of ZeRO is that no model code modifications are required. As this tutorial will demonstrate, using ZeRO in a DeepSpeed model is quick and easy because all you need is to change a few configurations in the DeepSpeed configuration json. No code changes are needed.

ZeRO Overview

ZeRO leverages the aggregate computation and memory resources of data parallelism to reduce the memory and compute requirements of each device (GPU) used for model training. ZeRO reduces the memory consumption of each GPU by partitioning the various model training states (weights, gradients, and optimizer states) across the available devices (GPUs and CPUs) in the distributed training hardware. Concretely, ZeRO is being implemented as incremental stages of optimizations, where optimizations in earlier stages are available in the later stages. To deep dive into ZeRO, please see our paper.

• Stage 1: The optimizer states (e.g., for Adam optimizer, 32-bit weights, and the first, and second moment estimates) are partitioned across the processes, so that each process updates only its partition.

• Stage 2: The reduced 32-bit gradients for updating the model weights are also partitioned such that each process retains only the gradients corresponding to its portion of the optimizer states.

Training environment

We use the DeepSpeed Megatrom-LM GPT-2 code for this exercise. You can step through the Megatron-LM tutorial to familiarize yourself with the code. We will train the models in this tutorial on NVIDIA Tesla V100-SXM3 Tensor Core GPUs with 32GB RAM.

Enabling ZeRO Optimization

To enable ZeRO optimizations for a DeepSpeed model, we simply add the _zerooptimization key to the DeepSpeed json configuration. A full description of configuration knobs of the zero_optimization key is available here.

Training a 1.5B Parameter GPT-2 model

We demonstrate the benefits of ZeRO stage 1 by showing that it enables data parallel training of a 1.5 billion parameter GPT-2 model on eight V100 GPUs. We configure training to use a batch size of 1 per device to ensure that the memory consumption is primarily due to model parameters and optimizer states. We create this training scenario by applying the following modifications to the deepspeed launch script:

       --model-parallel-size 1 \
       --num-layers 48 \
       --hidden-size 1600 \
       --num-attention-heads 16 \
       --batch-size 1 \
       --d \
       --deepspeed_config ds_zero_stage_1.config \

Training this model without ZeRO fails with an out-of-memory (OOM) error as shown below:

A key reason why this model does not fit in GPU memory is that the Adam optimizer states for the model consume 18GB; a significant portion of the 32GB RAM. By using ZeRO stage 1 to partition the optimizer state among eight data parallel ranks, the per-device memory consumption can be reduced to 2.25GB, thus making the model trainable. To enable ZeRO stage 1, we simply update the DeepSpeed json config file as below:

{
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage":1,
        "reduce_bucket_size": 500000000
    }
}

As seen above, we set two fields in the zero_optimization key. Specifically we set the stage field to 1, and the optional _reduce_bucketsize for gradient reduction to 50M. With ZeRO stage 1 enabled, the model can now train smoothly on 8 GPUs without running out of memory. Below we provide some screenshots of the model training:

From the nvidia-smi screenshot above we can see that that only GPUs 0--7 are being used for training the model. With ZeRO stage 1 we can further reduce the per-device memory consumption by increasing the data parallelism degree. These memory savings can be leveraged to either increase model size and/or batch size. In contrast, such benefits are not possible with data parallelism alone.

Training a 10B Parameter GPT-2 model

ZeRO stage 2 optimizations further increases the size of models that can be trained using data parallelism. We show this training a model with 10B parameters using 32 V100 GPUs. First, we need to configure a 10B parameter model. This can be done by applying the following GPT-2 model configuration changes to the DeepSpeed launch script.

       --model-parallel-size 1 \
       --num-layers 50 \
       --hidden-size 4096 \
       --num-attention-heads 32 \
       --batch-size 1 \
       --d \
       --deepspeed_config ds_zero_stage_2.config \

Next, we need to update the DeepSpeed json configuration, as shown below, to enable ZeRO stage 2 optimizations:

{
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage":2,
        "contiguous_gradients": true,
        "overlap_comm": true,
        "reduce_scatter": true,  
        "reduce_bucket_size": 50000000,
        "allgather_bucket_size": 500000000
    }
}

In the above changes, we have set the stage field to 2, and configured other optimization knobs that are available in ZeRO stage 2. For example, we have enabled _contiguousgradients to reduce memory fragmenation during backward pass. A full description of these optimization knobs is available here. With these changes, we can now run the launch the training run.

Here is a screenshot of the training log:

Here is a screenshot of nvidia-smi show GPU activity during training:

Congratulations! You have completed the ZeRO tutorial.